Logs 21 Jan 2026

1611 1728 Stem uit Twente. SINPO 33433.
1611 1839 Radio Luka. SINPO 43433. QSO
1620 1710 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433.
1629 1700 Radio Blauwe Fazant. SINPO 34433.
1638 1719 Radio Twentana. SINPO 34433.
1648 1737 Radio Pontiac. SINPO 54444.
1656 1753 Radio Armada. SINPO 34433.
1656 1833 Radio Meteoor. SINPO 44433. QSO
1665 1900 Radio Brugwachter. SINPO 34433.
6235 1655 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6975U 1742 HSR (pres). SINPO 24432.

Logs 20 Jan 2026

1611 1655 Radio Concorde. SINPO 23432.
1611 1840 Radio Utopia. SINPO 54444.
1635 1836 Radio Bonanza. SINPO 43433.
1636 1618 Radio Arona (tent). SINPO 34433.
1640 1825 Radio Batavier. SINPO 54444.
1665 1710 Radio Digital. SINPO 54444.
4890 1628 Radio Mix Channel via Mystery 21. SINPO 54444.
6235 1610 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6880 1915 Zeppelin Radio (pres). SINPO 24332.

Logs 19 Jan 2026

1494 1820 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1620 1750 Radio Professor Sickbock. SINPO 44444.
1629 1802 Bluebird Radio. SINPO 44433.
1647 1755 Radio Spencer. SINPO 33433.
1656 1745 Radio Armada. SINPO 34433.
1656 1850 Radio Digital. SINPO 54444.
6235 1740 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24332.

Logs 18 Jan 2026

1620 1725 Radio Zwarte Bouvier. SINPO 34433.
1620 1805 Radio King Kong. SINPO 54444.
1647 1740 Radio Spencer. SINPO 34433.
1656 1820 Radio Digital. SINPO 54444.
1665 1718 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 34433. //3940
3940 1645 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 54444.
*3975 1750 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 34433.
4890 1653 Mystery Radio 21. SINPO 55444.
*5905 1510 Radio Horizon. SINPO 54444.
 *6020 1040 Radio Casanova. SINPO 44433.
*6160 1755 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 54444.
6204.5 1602 Radio Rainbow Int. SINPO 54444. Move from 6210
6210 1025 Radio Rainbow Int. SINPO 34433.
6235 1548 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24332.
6285 1540 Radio Carrierwave. SINPO 34433.
6290 1100 ABC 50s. SINPO 24432.
6300 1052 Radio Dead. SINPO 44433.
6300 1620 Radio Monique. SINPO 54444.
6320 1105 Radio Markies. SINPO 34433.
6321 1615 Radio Delta 48. SINPO 54444.
6875 1638 Radio Europe (It). SINPO 44433.
6970U 1528 HSR (pres). SINPO 34433.
7600 1116 Radio Pamela. SINPO 24432.
*12005 1045 Radio Delta. SINPO 55444.

(*licensed transmitter)

Logs 17 Jan 2026

1548 1722 Radio Matrix. SINPO 33433.
1611 1737 Radio Luka. SINPO 33433.
1629 1744 Radio Casablanca (Twente). SINPO 34433.
1640 1802 Radio Casablanca. SINPO 34433. A different Casablanca
*3975 1652 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 55444. //6160
4885 1643 Radio Mystery Radio 21. SINPO 55444.
5775 1730 Radio De Mi Amigo. SINPO 44433.
5835 1635 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 34433.
*6160 1655 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 43433.
6204.5 1701 Radio Rainbow Int. SINPO 54444.
6235 1630 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6290 1615 Radio Ronalisa. SINPO 34433.
6300 1610 Radio Johnny Tobacco. SINPO 54444.
6321 1623 Radio Delta 48. SINPO 54444.
6960U 1754 HSR (pres). SINPO 44433.

(*licensed transmitter)

Logs 16 Jan 2025

1611 1615 Radio Arona. SINPO 34433.
1611 1909 Radio UK44. SINPO 33433.
1620 1820 Radio Luka. SINPO 34433.
1627 1625 Radio Uniek. SINPO 34433.
1638 1724 Radio San Antonio. SINPO 34433.
1647 1732 Radio Brugwachter. SINPO 34433.
1647 1805 Radio Mebo 2. SINPO 34433. Report to Brugwachter
1647 1850 Radio Turftrekker. SINPO 54444.
1674 1812 Union Radio. SINPO 24432.
3920 1715 Radio Contikenzo (pres). SINPO 44433. //5800
3940 1930 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 44444.
5770 1709 Radio WDR. SINPO 44433. Change of freq
5780 1601 Radio WDR. SINPO 44433.
5800 1712 Radio Contikenzo (pres). SINPO 43433. 
6235 1609 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6260 1639 Radio Etherfreak. SINPO 24432.
6290 1550 Radio Ronalisa. SINPO 34433.
6300 1647 Radio Johnny Tobacco. SINPO 54444.
6398.5 1702 Radio Starlight. SINPO 24432.

Logs 15 Jan 2026

1611 1646 Radio Utopia. SINPO 34433.
1620 1653 Radio Alabama. SINPO 44433.
1620 1746 Radio Mosfet. SINPO 44433.
1629 1728 Radio Zilvermeeuw. SINPO 34433.
1629 1940 Radio Spakenburg. SINPO 44433.
1638 1738 Radio Marconist. SINPO 44433.
1638 1843 Radio Marskramer. SINPO 44433.
1655 1915 Radio Weg Piraat. SINPO 54444.
1656 1751 Radio Digital. SINPO 44433.
5780 1625 Radio WDR. SINPO 44433.
6875 1715 Radio Europe (It). SINPO 34433.

Radio Uniek eQSL

 

A new eQSL from Radio Uniek. Many thanks! 

Logs 14 Jan 2026

1233 2140 Klas AM. SINPO 33433.
1494 1720 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1611 1743 Radio Rhodos. SINPO 33433.
1620 1644 Radio Professor Sickbock. SINPO 44433.
1620 1753 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433. Move from 1638
1620 1920 Radio King Kong. SINPO 54444.
1629 1652 Radio Twentana. SINPO 44433.
1638 1702 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433.
1647 1850 Radio Columbia. SINPO 54444.
5860 1620 Radio Taxus. SINPO 54444.
6235 1637 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.

Radio Vitess eQSL

 

An eQSL from Radio Vitess, who I heard on Jan 2 on 6240 kHz. Many thanks. 

Logs 13 Jan 2026

1233 2140 Klas AM. SINPO 34433. Via NW Ireland SDR
1494 1712 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1620 1645 Radio Al Capone. SINPO 34433.
1620 2120 Radio Marjanne. SINPO 44433.
1638 1658 Radio Blauwe Fazant. SINPO 44433.
1645 1754 Radio Batavier. SINPO 44433.
1647 2105 Radio VAT 69. SINPO 34433.
*6005 1625 Radio Piepzender. SINPO 54444.
6235 1635 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6320 1740 Radio De Markies. SINPO 34433.
6335 1746 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 32432. Utility QRM //6340 
6340 1612 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34333.

(* licensed transmitter)

Logs 12 Jan 2026

1494 1842 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 54444.
1620 1849 Radio Luka. SINPO 34433. QSO
1629 1825 Bluebird Radio. SINPO 54444.
1638 1820 Radio Osaka. SINPO 34433.
1641 1645 Polka Radio. SINPO 24432.
1645 1836 Radio Nachtrijder. SINPO 33433.
1653 1830 Radio Ijsvogel. SINPO 54444.
1653 1855 Radio Spanningzoeker. SINPO 44433. QSO
1655 1852 Radio Meteoor. SINPO 44433. QSO
1660 1705 Studio 19. SINPO 34433.
5835 1625 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 34433.
6270 1633 The Dance Network. SINPO 24432.
6880 1655 Zeppelin Radio (pres). SINPO 24432.

The Dance Network eQSL

 A quick reply from Italian station The Dance Network who I heard on 6265 yesterday. In an email the operator said he uses 80W  while the transmitter is an old Kenwood TS140S and the antenna is an inverted V dipole for 80 meters. This was his first broadcast on shortwave for almost a year.

Many thanks.

Logs 11 Jan 2026

1494 1750 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 54444.
1620 1733 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 54444.
1647 1710 Radio Spencer. SINPO 34433.
1656 1725 Radio Digital. SINPO 54444.
1665 1705 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 34433. //3920, 5800, 6005
3920 1610 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 55444. 
5800 1608 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 44444.
5830 1618 Radio Mystery. SINPO 24432.
5885 0948 Radio Magdalena. SINPO 24432.
*5905 1048 Radio Horizon (pres). SINPO 55444.
*6005 0955 Radio Piepzender. SINPO 55544. Testing new freq
*6005 1717 Radio Contikenzo via Piepzender. SINPO 55444.
*6020 1000 Radio Casanova. SINPO 55544.
*6160 1100 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 44433.
6204.5 1145 Radio Rainbow Int. SINPO 44433.
6235 1055 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6260 1415 Radio Etherfreak. SINPO 24432. Change of freq
6265 1550 The Dance Network. SINPO 24432.
6270 1600 Radio Starlight. SINPO 24432.
6270 1020 Radio Altrex. SINPO 34433.
6280 1252 Radio Etherfreak. SINPO 24432.
6285 1026 Radio Black Power. SINPO 44433.
6285 1432 Radio Monique. SINPO 44444.
6285 1645 Radio Carrierwave. SINPO 44433. Change of freq
6290 1216 Radio Blackstone. SINPO 44433.
6290 1445 Radio Lowland. SINPO 34433. Report to Blackstone
6300 1337 Radio Batavia. SINPO 44433.
6321 1538 Delta Radio 48. SINPO 44444. Change of freq
6382 1452 Delta Radio 48. SINPO 44433.
6398 1445 Radio De Kat. SINPO 54444.
9295 1157 Radio Pamela. SINPO 24332. Via NW Ireland SDR
9700L 1031 Radio Odysee. SINPO 34433.

(* licensed transmitter)

Delta 48 signs off on 6382

Logs 10 Jan 2026

1494 1957 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1611 2010 Radio Philadelphia. SINPO 33433.
1620 1922 Radio King Kong. SINPO 54444.
1629 1930 Radio Blauwe Fazant. SINPO 44433.
1647 1950 Radio Turftrekker. SINPO 54444.
1652 1743 Radio Moby Dick. SINPO 23432.
1673 1739 Voice of the Netherlands. SINPO 24432.
3935 1720 Radio Batavia. SINPO 54444.
5827 1731 Radio Mystery. SINPO 24432. Move from 5830
*6020 1145 Radio Casanova. SINPO 45444.
6235 1252 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6260 1150 Radio Carrierwave. SINPO 34433.
6260 1245 Radio Blackstone. SINPO 34433.
6275 1205 Radio Altrex. SINPO 24432.
6300 1722 Radio Johnny Tobacco. SINPO 24432. Signal fading out
6325 1705 Kiss AM (pres). SINPO 34433.
6307.5 1216 Radio Rob. SINPO 34433.
6940 1227 Radio JVG. SINPO 34433.

(* licensed transmitter)

Logs 9 Jan 2026

1494 1800 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1611 1745 Radio Philadelphia. SINPO 23432.
1620 1645 Radio Gouden Sterre. SINPO 34433.
1629 1716 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433.
1638 1655 Stem uit Twente. SINPO 33433.
1647 1710 Radio Spencer. SINPO 24432.
1652 1815 Radio Romax. SINPO 33433.
1655 1824 Radio Yogi Bear. SINPO 44433.
1656 1703 Radio Digital. SINPO 54444.
1661 1857 Radio Boomerang. SINPO 54444. Heard on 1664 at 1905
6235 1620 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 34333.
6260 1605 Radio Carrierwave. SINPO 44433.
6280 1555 Radio Monique. SINPO 54444.
6280 1807 Radio Etherfreak. SINPO 34433.
6325 1620 Kiss AM. SINPO 44433.
6340 1612 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34433.

There is a new link for the XAT Pirate Chat. You can go to https://xat.com/PirateRadio2026 to chat about pirate radio. This will replace the existing chatroom

Logs 8 Jan 2026

1494 1823 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1512 1830 Radio Marskramer. SINPO 34433.
1611 1835 Radio Monza. SINPO 33433.
1620 1745 Radio Florisant. SINPO 34433.
1620 1840 Radio Professor Sickbock. SINPO 44433.
1629 1745 Radio Mosfet. SINPO 44433.
1638 1817 Radio Luka. SINPO 34433.
1645 1752 Radio Batavier. SINPO 54444.
1653 1806 Radio Turfsteker. SINPO 24432.
6235 1720 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6325 1800 Kiss AM. SINPO 44433.
6910 1732 Zeppelin Radio (pres). SINPO 33433.
6965 1725 HSR (pres). SINPO 24432.

Logs 7 Jan 2026

1233 1915 Klas AM. SINPO 34433. Via NW Ireland SDR
1494 1833 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1611 1845 Radio Vonkentrekker. SINPO 33433.
1620 1825 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433.
1635 1640 Radio Bonanza. SINPO 34433.
1645 1853 Radio Klaverboer. SINPO 34433.
1665 1700 Radio Tarzan. SINPO 34433.
4865 1648 Radio Piraat Wereldomroep. SINPO 34433.
5835 1633 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 24432.
6235 1615 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6276 1605 Radio Delta 48. SINPO 34433.
6325 1708 Kiss AM. SINPO 54444.
6910 1623 Zeppelin Radio (pres). SINPO 34333.

Logs 6 Jan 2026

1494 1845 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 34433.
1611 2107 Radio Helical. SINPO 43433.
1620 1628 Radio Blauwe Fazant. SINPO 34433.
1620 2039 Radio Marjanne. SINPO 44433.
1629 1702 Radio Stem uit Twente. SINPO 34433.
1638 1745 Radio Schaduwjager. SINPO 44433.
1645 1750 Radio Batavier. SINPO 44433.
1647 2052 Radio VAT 69. SINPO 34433.
1656 1800 Radio Digital. SINPO 44433.
1665 2057 Radio Meteoor. SINPO 44433. QSO
1665 2100 Radio Zeepiraat. SINPO 34433. QSO
1670 1810 Radio Kristal. SINPO 44433.
1685 2030 Radio Black Power. SINPO 54444.
5840 1605 Polka Radio. SINPO 24432.
6235 1620 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6325 1729 Kiss AM. SINPO 44433.
6340 1555 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34433.

Logs 5 Jan 2026

1611 1705 Radio Al Capone. SINPO 33433.
1620 1655 Radio Professor Sickbock. SINPO 44433.
1629 1732 Ros AM Radio. SINPO 44433.
1629 1852 Radio Bluebird. SINPO 44433.
1647 1800 Radio Moonbreaker. SINPO 34433.
5835 1633 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 24432.
6235 1642 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 14432.
6325 1625 Kiss AM. SINPO 34433.
6340 1618 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 24432.
6895 1835 Zeppelin Radio (pres). SINPO 24432.
6965 1745 HSR. SINPO 34433.

Logs 4 Jan 2026

1494 1825 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 44433.
1620 1753 Radio King Kong. SINPO 54444.
1656 1759 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 34433. Also on 3920, 5800
1667 1832 Radio Digital. SINPO 44433.
3920 1556 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 54444. //5800
3934 1805 Central Radio Int. SINPO 34333.
3940U 1812 Great Music For Europe. SINPO 34433. New station? 
*3975 1600 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 54444. //6160
3990 1838 Central Radio Int. SINPO 34433. Another freq change
5800 1553 Radio Contikenzo. SINPO 44444.
5835 1646 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 34333.
*5905 1205 Radio Horizon (pres). SINPO 34433.
*6020 1140 Radio Casanova. SINPO 34433.
*6160 1603 Weekend Music R via Shortwave Gold. SINPO 54444.
6200 1140 Radio AC DC. SINPO 34433.
6204.5 1539 Radio Rainbow Int. SINPO 43433. A
6215 1345 Central Radio Int. SINPO 33433.
6235 1632 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24332.
6260 1528 Central Radio Int. SINPO 34433. Change of freq
6280 1625 Radio Monique Int. SINPO 54444.
6290 1607 Radio Blackstone. SINPO 34433.
6292 1545 Time Radio. SINPO 34433.
6300 1534 Radio Rob. SINPO 34433.
6300 1611 Radio Johnny Tobacco. SINPO 54444.
6325 1005 Weekend Music Radio. SINPO 34433.
6340 0958 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34433. 
7700 1617 Marconi Radio Int. SINPO 23332. 
11155 1150 Radio Pamela. SINPO 34433. Via NW Ireland SDR
12070 1358 WMBR. SINPO 34433.

(*licensed transmitter)

Great Music For Europe 3940 USB >>

Logs 3 Jan 2026

1440 2205 Energy Power AM. SINPO 34433. Via NW Ireland SDR
1494 1752 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 54444. Live show
1512 1803 Radio Marskramer. SINPO 33433.
1611 1705 Radio King Kong. SINPO 54444.
1620 1655 Radio Uniek. SINPO 33433.
1629 2145 Radio Blauwe Koe. SINPO 44433.
1638 1712 Radio Casablanca (Twente). SINPO 34433.
1647 1745 Radio San Antonio. SINPO 34433.
1647 2245 Radio Nachtzwerver. SINPO 34433.
5835 1625 Radio Europe (Ukr). SINPO 23432.
6210 1650 Radio King Shortwave. SINPO 43433.
6235 1620 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 2432.
6290 1555 Radio Skywave. SINPO 44433.
6300 1550 Radio Rob. SINPO 34433.
6300 1635 Radio De Kat. SINPO 44433.
6325 1557 Weekend Music Radio. SINPO 34433.
6340 1602 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34433.
6382 1642 Radio Delta 48. SINPO 34433.

Logs 2 Jan 2026

1440 2255 Energy Power AM. SINPO 34433.
1494 1715 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 54444.
1620 1705 Radio Luka. SINPO 33432. Another station on 1621
1625 2302 Radio Turftrekker. SINPO 54444.
1629 1658 Radio De Mi Amigo. SINPO 33433.
1638 2308 Radio Joris Driepinter. SINPO 23432.
1665 1735 Radio Digital. SINPO 44433.
5840 1540 Beatles Radio via unid. SINPO 23432. Internet station
*6040 1201 Radio Delta. SINPO 55444.
6235 1555 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 23432.
6240 1433 Radio Vitesse. SINPO 34433.
6240 1530 Concept Radio. SINPO 34433.
6285 1442 Radio Quintus. SINPO 34433.
6290 1801 Radio Etherfreak. SINPO 34433.
6340 1546 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 34433. 

(*licensed transmitter)

Premier Radio Int eQSL

 

First eQSL for 2026 comes from Premier Radio International. The station from Ireland is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. You can read more about station on the website http://www.premierradio.ie/

Many thanks for the eQSL. 

Logs 1 Jan 2026

1494 1730 Radio Blackbeard. SINPO 54444.
1611 1745 Radio Eigen Risico. SINPO 33433.
1620 1658 Radio De Derde Man. SINPO 34433.
1640 1723 Radio Batavier. SINPO 54444.
1660 1716 Radio Uitzendkracht. SINPO 34433.
*6020 0957 Radio Casanova. SINPO 45444.
*6040 1015 Radio Delta. SINPO 55444. //12005
6190 0950 Gringo Radio. SINPO 24432.
6235 1645 Radio Billy Beun. SINPO 24432.
6260 1114 Premier Radio Int. SINPO 24332. Move from 6270
6263 1650 Merseyland Alternative Radio. SINPO 24432.
6270 1046 Premier Radio Int. SINPO 33433.
6275 0937 Swinging R England via Reich Senderfunk. SINPO 34433.
6285 0942 Sunrise Radio. SINPO 34433.
6295 0930 Radio Cuckoo. SINPO 44433.
6315 1637 Concept Radio. SINPO 24432.
*12005 1018 Radio Delta. SINPO 35443.

(* licensed transmitter)

A look back at 2025

It's been another busy year on shortwave with plenty of pirates from around Europe switching on their transmitters to entertain us.

The weekend remains the time when you are likely to hear the most activity although during the week there's often stations on the air - particularly around late afternoon into the evening.

From the UK, regulars like Weekend Music Radio, Radio Pamela, Radio Pandora, Merseyland Alternative Radio and XTC continue to broadcast, while last year also saw the return of a station from the 1970s - Radio Corsair. The operator made broadcasts as Corsair and also Radio Overdrive.

A new station is Radio Dead who has been heard on both shortwave and medium wave. In the true pirate spirit, he plays banned records, such as those by Judge Dread, and plus off-beat comedy clips. Another new station was Radio Badger, who was heard in the 49 metre band, on 6040 kHz.

There are still many stations which seem to be no more than the radio equivalent of Spotify, with non-stop music and jingles - not the most exciting stations to listen to.

But it is good to see that there are stations that take the time to put programmes together and will interact with the listeners, via email messages or the pirate chat group. 

As always, the most pirate activity continues to come from the Netherlands. The power used varies from a few watts up to a kilowatt or more. There are a number of entertaining stations such as Contikenzo, Monique and, of course, Johnny Tobacco.

I've totted up the shortwave stations I logged in 2025.  Last year a total of 144 pirates were heard, compared to 131 in 2024. Of these 82 were from the Netherlands, 21 from the UK and eight from Germany.

Some were regulars heard throughout the year while others only made one or two broadcasts during 2024. I haven't counted relays of internet or licensed stations. 

Here's the country breakdown with 2024's figures in brackets:

• Netherlands 82 (72) 
• United Kingdown 21 (19) 
• Germany 8 (8) 
• Ireland 6 (6) 
• Finland 2 (5) 
• Italy 4 (4) 
• Greece 2 (2)
• Spain 2 (1) 
• Belgium 2 (1)
• Ukraine, Belarus, Czech Republic, Russia, Portugal, Poland, France, Hungary: 1 each
• Unknown 5 (8)

For a list of the stations I logged on shortwave last year click HERE

=========================================================================

The medium wave scene remains as busy as ever. Radio Blackbeard is on most days on 1494 putting out a great signal while from Ireland Energy Power AM is a regular or 1440 or 1431. A new station from Ireland heard recently was Klas AM.

Above 1611 kHz are the Dutch pirates. You can see a list of medium wave pirates logged in the Netherlands by Assen DX on his blog. He logged 239 stations last year, up slightly from 2024. 

Here's a link to his list:
https://mgpiraten.blogspot.com/2025/12/middengolf-piraten-ontvangen-in-2025-z.html

Happy New Year from Radio Cuckoo